Toddlers’ Self-Recognition and Progression From Goal- to Emotion-Based Helping: A Longitudinal Study     

Jess Aitken  Ted Ruffman  Mele Taumoepeau 《Child development》2020,91(4):1219-1236

Research has typically used cross-sectional designs to draw conclusions on the development of helping. This study aimed to examine the development of instrumental and empathic helping behaviors as they emerge, and assess how self-recognition might moderate this progression. Seventy-two children (14- to 25-months at T1) were assessed over four monthly sessions. Participants’ individual response patterns showed instrumental helping to be a necessary precursor to empathic helping for 55.77%–67.92% of children who helped during the study. Self-recognition emerged before empathic but not instrumental helping, yet did not directly influence helping behavior.  相似文献   

Conversations on day care programming     

Deborah Diamond  Georgia McMurray 《Early Childhood Education Journal》1976,3(5):27-29

This article presents segments of a number of conversations between Georgia McMurray (above, right), former Commissioner of the Agency for Child Development of the Human Resources Administration of the City of New York, currently serving as Chairperson of the Alliance for Children, and Deborah Diamond (above, left), formerly of Teachers College, Columbia University, and the Teaching Resource Center of the City University of New York's Graduate Center, currently Director of CHROMA/SPECTRUM Instructional Products, Ltd. The highlights presented here are from their initial discussions concerning the need for a position paper on day care...the state of the art, and actual directions in the field at the grass roots level.  相似文献   

Inability of five-month-old infants to retrieve a contiguous object: a failure of conceptual understanding or of control of action?   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Diamond A  Lee EY 《Child development》2000,71(6):1477-1494

Infants of 5 to 6 months of age can retrieve a free-standing object, but fail to retrieve the same object from atop a slightly larger object. The accepted explanation has been that the infants do not understand that an object continues to exist independently when placed upon another. Predictions based on that explanation were tested against the hypothesis that infants' problem consists of lack of precision in visually guided reaching and lack of ability to inhibit reflexive reactions to touch. Twelve infants each at 5 and 7 months of age were tested on 16 trials. More 5-month-olds succeeded, in less time, and with fewer touches to an edge of the base, on trials more forgiving of an imprecise reach than on less forgiving trials. Success in retrieving objects close in size and fully contiguous with their bases was seen even at 5 months when the demands on skill in reaching were reduced. It is proposed that when 5-month-old infants fail to retrieve one object placed upon another, it is not because of a lack of conceptual understanding, but because they lack the skill to reach to the top object without accidentally touching an edge of the base en route.  相似文献   

Abilities and neural mechanisms underlying AB performance   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

A Diamond 《Child development》1988,59(2):523-527

Schacter, Moscovitch, Tulving, McLachlan, and Freedman propose that infants may make the AB error because of immaturity of the memory system damaged in amnesia (e.g., the hippocampus). They contrast this with the proposal that infants may make the AB error because of immaturity of the frontal lobe system (Diamond; Diamond & Goldman-Rakic). Schacter et al.'s choice of subjects, however, did not permit a test of these 2 proposals, and characteristics of their task, such as length of delay, make comparison with infants difficult. Schacter et al. discuss sensitivity to proactive interference as a possible explanation for the AB error, but sensitivity to PI is more closely associated with frontal lobe damage than with amnesia. Schacter et al. associate perseveration with immaturity or damage to the frontal lobe; it is suggested here that this is better characterized as lack of inhibitory control. Tasks that are most likely to require frontal cortex function are those that demand both short-term memory and inhibitory control. AB is an excellent example of such a task.  相似文献   

A new approach to assessing the technological complexity of different categories of R&D (with examples from Singapore)     

Alice H Amsden  F.Ted Tschang 《Research Policy》2003,32(4):553-572

This paper attempts to develop a set of generic questions the answers to which allow any given R&D activity to be correctly classified in one or another conventional R&D box—basic, applied, development, etc. Such systematic pigeon-holing allows latecomer countries to gauge the distance of their R&D activity from the world frontier, and how policies may be designed to overcome the hurdle that divides applied research and developmental research.  相似文献   

Contexts for Remedial Reading: Practice Reading and Pause,Prompt and Praise tutoring     

Gerard O'connor  Ted Glynn  Bryan Tuck 《教育心理学》1987,7(3):207-223

Abstract Fourteen residential childcare workers were trained to implement both a Practice Reading and the Pause, Prompt and Praise remedial reading procedures in school and cottage settings with 18 low‐progress readers of primary school age. Pause, Prompt and Praise procedures were introduced in each setting only if readers made insufficient progress with Practice Reading alone. Childcare workers displayed major change in their tutoring behaviour between baseline (untrained tutoring) conditions and trained tutoring conditions (Practice Reading or Pause, Prompt and Praise). Readers who received a six week programme of individual reading assistance made significant gains on standardised tests of reading accuracy and comprehension and made accelerated progress through graded book levels, while children in the comparison group did not. Results are discussed in terms of the interactive social contexts provided by the two procedures and of the opportunities for reciprocal gains in skill between readers and tutors with the Pause, Prompt and Praise procedures.  相似文献   

Overlap Probabilities and Delay Detonators     

Neil T Diamond 《Teaching Statistics》1999,21(2):52-53

A problem in mining engineering concerning detonators for rock blasting is considered. Simple probability calculations give very useful information about the detonation sequence.  相似文献   

Use of salivary cortisol measurements in young infants: a note of caution     

C L Magnano  E J Diamond  J M Gardner 《Child development》1989,60(5):1099-1101

In order to investigate possible contamination of saliva samples with formula or breast milk obtained from young infants for cortisol assays, we measured cortisol concentrations in 3 common infant milk formulas and in breast milk before and after defatting and extraction using a commercial radioimmunoassay kit. Cortisol concentrations obtained prior to defatting and extraction were equal to or higher than (1.64-82.80 micrograms/dL) levels reported for salivary cortisol levels reported in newborn infants (0.09-2.08 micrograms/dL). Cortisol concentrations obtained after the defatting and extraction were lower (0.02-0.15 micrograms/dL), indicating that values obtained prior to defatting and extraction were due to cross-reacting substances as well as cortisol. As saliva samples are not routinely defatted or extracted prior to being assayed, high cortisol levels and interfering substances in formula and breast milk could contaminate salivary cortisol measurements in young infants. The present study suggests that appropriate controls should be taken when making salivary cortisol measurements in young infants to help ensure accurate results.  相似文献   

Stepping stones to others' minds: maternal talk relates to child mental state language and emotion understanding at 15, 24, and 33 months   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Taumoepeau M  Ruffman T 《Child development》2008,79(2):284-302

This continuation of a previous study (Taumoepeau & Ruffman, 2006) examined the longitudinal relation between maternal mental state talk to 15- and 24-month-olds and their later mental state language and emotion understanding (N= 74). The previous study found that maternal talk about the child's desires to 15-month-old children uniquely predicted children's mental state language and emotion task performance at 24 months. In the present study, at 24 months of age, mothers' reference to others' thoughts and knowledge was the most consistent predictor of children's later mental state language at 33 months. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development provides a framework within which maternal talk, first, about the child's desires and then about others' thoughts and knowledge scaffolds children's social understanding.  相似文献   

Vignettes from Sesame Street: Preschooler's Ideas about Children with Down Syndrome and Physical Disability     

Karen E. Diamond  Katherine R. Kensinger 《Early education and development》2002,13(4):409-422

The results of previous research suggest that while preschool children have a beginning understanding of disabilities that involve the use of adaptive equipment, they have little awareness of disabilities such as Down syndrome which have less overt distinguishing characteristics. In this study, videotaped segments from the children's television show, Sesame Street, were used to explore children's ideas about Down syndrome and physical disability. Participants included 41 preschool children. While a majority of participating children were aware that each child in the videotapes had some difficulties performing age-appropriate tasks, children had significantly fewer ideas about why the child with Down syndrome had this difficulty. Significantly more thought that the child with Down syndrome could do more “if he tried really hard” when compared with the child with a physical disability. These results are discussed in terms of children's developing understanding of disabilities and implications for using media to teach preschoolers about people with disabilities.  相似文献